// ***** ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION *
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
	int a,b,c;
	float D,x1,x2;
	cout<<"Enter the coefficients a,b,c of the equation ax^2+bx+c:";
	cin>>a>>b>>c;

	D=b*b-4*a*c;
	if(D<0)
	{	
		cout<<"Roots are imaginary!!!Aborting!!"<<endl;
		exit(0);
	}

	x1=(-b+sqrt(D))/(2*a);
	x2=(-b-sqrt(D))/(2*a);
	if(D==0)
	{
		cout<<"Roots are equal"<<endl;
		cout<<"x="<<x1;
	}
	else
	{
		cout<<"Roots are unequal"<<endl;
		cout<<"x1="<<x1<<"\tx2="<<x2<<endl;
	}
}

/*OUTPUT
Enter the coefficients a,b,c of the equation ax^2+bx+c:1 1 1
Roots are imaginary!!!Aborting!!

Enter the coefficients a,b,c of the equation ax^2+bx+c:1 2 1
Roots are equal
x=-1

Enter the coefficients a,b,c of the equation ax^2+bx+c:1 -1 -2
Roots are unequal
x1=2    x2=-1

*/


/*
************************
TO FIND LEAP YEAR      *
************************
*/

#include<iostream.h>

void main()
{
	int year;

	cout<<"Enter year:";
	cin>>year;

	if((year%4==0)&&(year%100!=0)||(year%400==0))
		cout<<"Year entered is a leap year!!";
	else
		cout<<"Year entered is not a leap year!!";
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter year:2000
Year entered is a leap year!!

Enter year:2100
Year entered is not a leap year!!

*/

// ***** NESTED IF ELSE                *
#include<iostream.h>
#include<process.h>
int main()
{
	char ch;
	int a,b;
	float result;

	cout<<"Enter two numbers:";
	cin>>a>>b;
	cout<<"Enter the operation u want to perform(+ - * /):";
	cin>>ch;

	if(ch=='+')
		result = a+b;
	else if(ch=='-')
		result = a-b;
	else if(ch=='*')
		result = a*b;
	else if(ch=='/')
		result = a/b;
	else
	{
		cout<<"Invalid Operator!!Aborting!!";
		exit(0);
	}

	cout<<"Result="<<result<<endl;
	return 0;
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter two numbers:2 3
Enter the operation u want to perform(+ - * /):+
Result=5

Enter two numbers:2 3
Enter the operation u want to perform(+ - * /):-
Result=-1

Enter two numbers:2 3
Enter the operation u want to perform(+ - * /):*
Result=6

Enter two numbers:10 5
Enter the operation u want to perform(+ - * /):/
Result=2
*/






/*
************************
NESTED SWITCH          *
************************
*/

#include<iostream.h>
#define PI 3.141

int main()
{
	char shape,choice;
	int r,a;
	double area,perimeter;

	cout<<"Enter the shape code c-circle/s-square:";
	cin>>shape;

	switch(shape)
	{
		case 'c':
			cout<<"Enter the radius:";
			cin>>r;
			cout<<"What do you want to do? a-area p-perimeter:";
			cin>>choice;
			switch(choice)
			{
			case 'a':
				area=PI*r*r;
													
cout<<"Area="<<area<<endl;
				break;
			case 'p':
				perimeter=2*PI*r;
																cout<<"Perimeter="<<perimeter<<endl;
				break;
			default:
				cout<<"Invalid!!";
				break;
			}

		break;
		case 's':
			cout<<"Enter the side:";
			cin>>a;
			cout<<"What do you want to do? a-area p-perimeter:";
			cin>>choice;
			switch(choice)
			{
			case 'a':
				area=a*a;
				cout<<"Area="<<area<<endl;
				break;
			case 'p':
				perimeter=4*a;
				cout<<"Perimeter="<<perimeter<<endl;
				break;
			default:
cout<<"Invalid!!";
				break;
			}
			break;
		default:
			cout<<"Invalid!!";
			break;
	}
	return 0;
}

/*OUTPUT
Enter the shape code c-circle/s-square:c
Enter the radius:10
What do you want to do? a-area p-perimeter:a
Area=314.1

Enter the shape code c-circle/s-square:s
Enter the side:10
What do you want to do? a-area p-perimeter:p
Perimeter=40
*/

/*  **********************
     SINE OF AN ANGLE      *
    ***********************	*/
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
	float n,tm,term,fact=1;
	float x;
	int sign=1;  double sum=0;
	cout<<"Enter the angle:";
	cin>>x;
	cout<<"Enter the number of terms:";
	cin>>n;
	x=x*3.141/180;
	sum+=x;
	tm=x;
	for(int i=2;i<n;i+=2)
	{
		tm=tm*x*x;
		for(int j=1;j<=2*i-1;j++)
			fact=fact*j;
		term=tm/fact;
		sum=sum+sign*term;
		sign=sign*-1;
	}
	cout<<"Result="<<sum<<endl;
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter the angle:30
Enter the number of terms:10
Result=0.547412 	*/

// ***** COSINE OF AN ANGLE      *
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
	float pow = 2.0, nr, dr = 1.0, x1, sum;
	int i = 1,n,sign = -1,x;

	cout<<"Enter the angle:";
	cin>>x;
	cout<<"Enter the number of terms:";
	cin>>n;

	x1 = 3.142 * (x / 180.0);
	sum = 1.0;
	nr = x1*x1;

	while(i<=n)
		{
				dr = dr * pow * (pow - 1.0);
				sum = sum + (nr / (dr * sign));
				sign = sign * (-1);
				pow = pow + 2.0;
				nr = nr * x1 * x1;
				i++;
		}
	cout<<"Result="<<sum;
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter the angle:30
Enter the number of terms:5
Result=0.865991	*/

/*   ***************************
GENERATE                 
 *  
             *  * 
           *  *  *
             *  *
               *
***************************	*/
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
	int space=2;
	for(int i=1;i<3+1;i++)
	{
		for(int j=1;j<=space;j++)
			cout<<" ";
		for(int k=1;k<=i;k++)
			cout<<"* ";
		space--;
		cout<<endl;
	}
	space=1;
	for(i=1;i<3;i++)
	{
		for(int j=1;j<=space;j++)
			cout<<" ";
		for(int k=1;k<=3-i;k++)
			cout<<"* ";
		space++;
		cout<<endl;
	}
}
/*       ****************************
GENERATE              			*
123456789101110987654321   		*
 12345678910987654321		*
  12345678987654321        		*
    123456787654321			*
      1234567654321          		*
         12345654321           		*
           123454321            		*
	 1234321             		*
	  12321              			*
                   121          			*
      1	               		*
****************************          */
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
	int n,space=0;
	cout<<"Enter number:";
	cin>>n;
	while(n>0)
	{
		++space;
		for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)
			cout<<i;
		for(int j=n-1;j>0;j--)
			cout<<j;
		--n;
		cout<<endl;
		for(int k=1;k<=space;k++)
			cout<<" ";
	}
}

/*
***************************
GENERATE                   	*
ABCDDCBA                  	*
ABC     CBA                   	*
AB           BA                  	*
A                 A                  	*
***************************
*/

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
	char ch='A',c='D',ch1;
	ch1=c;
	for(int i=0;i<=4;i++)
	{
		for(ch='A';ch<=ch1;ch++)
			cout<<ch;
		for(int j=0;j<i*2;j++)
			cout<<" ";
		for(c;c>='A';c--)
			cout<<c;
		cout<<endl;
		ch1--;
		c=ch1;
	}
}

/****************************
GENERATE                  
         *
        * *
       * * *
      * * * *
     * * * * *
    * * * * * *
   * * * * * * *
  * * * * * * * *
 * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
 * * * * * * * * *
  * * * * * * * *
   * * * * * * *
    * * * * * *
     * * * * *
      * * * *
       * * *
        * *
         *
***************************
*/
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
	int space,n;
	cout<<"Enter the number of rows in the pattern:";
	cin>>n;
	space=n-1;
	for(int i=1;i<n+1;i++)
	{
		for(int j=1;j<=space;j++)
			cout<<" ";
		for(int k=1;k<=i;k++)
			cout<<"* ";
		space--;
		cout<<endl;
	}

	space=1;
	for(i=1;i<n;i++)
	{
		for(int j=1;j<=space;j++)
			cout<<" ";
		for(int k=1;k<=n-i;k++)
			cout<<"* ";
		space++;
		cout<<endl;
	}
}


/*OUTPUT
Enter the number of rows in the pattern:10
         *
        * *
       * * *
      * * * *
     * * * * *
    * * * * * *
   * * * * * * *
  * * * * * * * *
 * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *
 * * * * * * * * *
  * * * * * * * *
   * * * * * * *
    * * * * * *
     * * * * *
      * * * *
       * * *
        * *
         *
*/


/*
****************************************
PRINT PRIME NUMBERS IN THE RANGE 1-500 *
****************************************
*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>

int main()
{
	int no,i;
	cout<<"In the range 1-500:"<<endl;
	cout<<"Prime numbers are:";
	for(no=1;no<=500;no++)
	{
		for(i=2;i<=sqrt(no);i++)
		{
			if(no%i==0)
				break;
		}
		if(i>sqrt(no))
			cout<<no<<" ";
	}
	cout<<endl;
	int n=1, d1, d2, d3, s=0, a;
	cout<<"\nArmstrong Numbers are:"<<endl;
	while(n<=500)
	{
			a=n;
			d1=a%10;
			a=a/10;
			d2=a%10;
			a=a/10;
			d3=a;
			s=(d1*d1*d1)+(d2*d2*d2)+(d3*d3*d3);
			if(n==s)
			cout<<n<<" ";
			n=n+1;
		}
}

/*OUTPUT
In the range 1-500:
Prime numbers are:1 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79
83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191
193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 283 293 307
311 313 317 331 337 347 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401 409 419 421 431
433 439 443 449 457 461 463 467 479 487 491 499

Armstrong Numbers are:
1 153 370 371 407

*/

/************************************
FIND SINE & COSINE USING FUNCTIONS *
************************************
*/
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>

float fact(int i)
{
	if(i==1)	return i;
	else if(i==0) return 1;
	else return i*fact(i-1);

}

void main()
{
	float ang,x,n;
	int sign=1;

	cout<<"Enter the angle:";
	cin>>ang;
	cout<<"Enter the number of terms:";
	cin>>n;

	x=3.141*(ang/180.0);

	float sum_sin=0,sum_cos=0;

	for(int i=1,j=1,k=0;i<=n;i++,j+=2,k+=2)
	{
		sum_sin=sum_sin+((sign*pow(x,j))/(fact(j)));
		sum_cos=sum_cos+((sign*pow(x,k))/(fact(k)));

		sign=sign*-1;
	}

	cout<<"\nsin("<<ang<<")="<<sum_sin<<endl;
	cout<<"cos("<<ang<<")="<<sum_cos<<endl;

}

/*OUTPUT

Enter the angle:30
Enter the number of terms:5

sin(30)=0.499914
cos(30)=0.866075

*/


/*
**********************************************************
PRINT THE LARGEST OF THREE NUMBERS USING INLINE FUNCTIONS*
**********************************************************
*/
#include<iostream.h>

inline int max(int a,int b,int c)
{
	int max;
	max=a>b?((a>c)?a:c):((b>c)?b:c);
	return max;
}

void main()
{
	int x,y,z;

	cout<<"Enter the three numbers:";
	cin>>x>>y>>z;

	int result=max(x,y,z);

	cout<<"The largest of the three numbers is:"<<result<<endl;
}

/*OUTPUT
Enter the three numbers:100 35 345
The largest of the three numbers is:345
*/

// ***** TO CALCILATE BONUS OF A SALARY USING DEFAULT ARGUMENTS   *
#include<iostream.h>
float calcSalary(float sal,float rate=8)
{
	float new_salary=sal+(sal*rate/100);
	return new_salary;
}
void main()
{
	float salary,rate;
	cout<<"Enter the salary:";
	cin>>salary;
	cout<<"Enter the rate(press 0 for default rate)";
	cin>>rate;
	float new_sal;
	if(rate==0)
		new_sal=calcSalary(salary,8);
	else
		new_sal=calcSalary(salary,rate);

	cout<<"The net salary is:"<<new_sal<<endl;
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter the salary:10000
Enter the rate(press 0 for default rate)0
The net salary is:10800

Enter the salary:10000
Enter the rate(press 0 for default rate)5
The net salary is:10500 
*/


/*	*********************************************
TO FIND VOLUME USING FUNCTION OVERLOADING   *
********************************************	*/
#include<iostream.h>
#define PI 3.141

float calcVolume(float a)
{
	float volume=a*a*a;
	return volume;
}
float calcVolume(float l,float b,float h)
{
	float volume=l*b*h;
	return volume;
}
float calcVolume(float r,float h)
{
	float volume=PI*r*r*h;
	return volume;
}
void main()
{
	float volume,a,l,b,h,r;
	int choice;

	cout<<"Find Volume of:"<<endl;
	cout<<"1.Cube\n2.Cuboid\n3.Cylinder"<<endl;
	cout<<"Enter your choice(1-3):";
	cin>>choice;

	switch(choice)
	{
		case 1:
					cout<<"Enter the side of cube:";
					cin>>a;
					volume=calcVolume(a);
					break;

		case 2:
					cout<<"Enter the dimensions of the cuboid:";
					cin>>l>>b>>h;
					volume=calcVolume(l,b,h);
					break;

		case 3:
					cout<<"Enter the radius:";
					cin>>r;
					cout<<"Enter the height:";
					cin>>h;
					volume=calcVolume(r,h);
					break;

		default:
					cout<<"Invalid Choice!!";
					break;
	}

	cout<<"\nVolume is:"<<volume<<endl;
}

/*OUTPUT

Find Volume of:
1.Cube
2.Cuboid
3.Cylinder
Enter your choice(1-3):1
Enter the side of cube:2

Volume is:8

Find Volume of:
1.Cube
2.Cuboid
3.Cylinder
Enter your choice(1-3):2
Enter the dimensions of the cuboid:2 3 4

Volume is:24

Find Volume of:
1.Cube
2.Cuboid
3.Cylinder
Enter your choice(1-3):3
Enter the radius:2
Enter the height:1

Volume is:12.564

*/

/* ***************************************
CONVER DECIMAL TO BINARY EQUIVALENT   *
***************************************  */

#include<iostream.h>
void dec2bin(int n)
{
	if(n==1)
		cout<<n;
	else
	{
		dec2bin(n/2);
		cout<<n%2;
	}
}
void main()
{
	int num;
	cout<<"Enter number:";
	cin>>num;
	cout<<"Binary Equivalent of "<<num<<" is:";
	dec2bin(num);
}

/*OUTPUT

Enter number:4
Binary Equivalent of 4 is:100

*/

/*  *******************
BUBBLE SORT 	   *
*********************   */
#include<iostream.h>
void bubbleSort(int [],int);
void main()
{
	int ar[50],item,n,index;

	cout<<"Enter number of elements in the array:";
	cin>>n;
	cout<<"Enter Array Elements...."<<endl;
	for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
		cin>>ar[i];
	bubbleSort(ar,n);
	cout<<"\n\nThe Sorted array is..."<<endl;
	for(i=0;i<n;i++)
		cout<<ar[i]<<" ";
	cout<<endl;
}

void bubbleSort(int ar[],int size)
{
	int tmp,ctr=0;
	for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
	{
		for(int j=0;j<i;j++)
		{
			if(ar[i]<ar[j])
			{
				tmp=ar[i];
				ar[i]=ar[j];
				ar[j]=tmp;
			}
		}
		cout<<"Array after iteration "<<++ctr<<" is:";
		for(int k=0;k<size;k++)
			cout<<ar[k]<<" ";
		cout<<endl;
	}
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter number of elements in the array:5
Enter Array Elements....
2 4 1 3 5
Array after iteration 1 is:2 4 1 3 5
Array after iteration 2 is:2 4 1 3 5
Array after iteration 3 is:1 2 4 3 5
Array after iteration 4 is:1 2 3 4 5
Array after iteration 5 is:1 2 3 4 5
The Sorted array is...
1 2 3 4 5
*/


/*
*********************
BINARY SEARCH		  *
*********************
*/

#include<iostream.h>

int Bsearch(int ar[],int size,int item)
{
	int beg,last,mid;
	beg=0;	last=size-1;
	while(beg<=last)
	{
		mid=(beg+last)/2;
		if(item==ar[mid])		return mid;
		else if(item>ar[mid])	beg=mid+1;
		else 	last=mid-1;
	}
	return -1;
}

void main()
{
	int ar[50],item,n,index;

	cout<<"Enter the number of elements:";
	cin>>n;

	cout<<"Enter Array(must be sorted in ascending order)..."<<endl;
	for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
		cin>>ar[i];

	cout<<"Enter the element to be searched for:";
	cin>>item;

	index=Bsearch(ar,n,item);
	if(index==-1)
		cout<<"\nSorry!!Given element cannot be found!!"<<endl;
	else
		cout<<"\nElement found at index:"<<index<<" position:"<<index+1<<endl;
}

/*OUTPUT

Enter the number of elements:5
Enter Array(must be sorted in ascending order)...
1 2 3 4 5
Enter the element to be searched for:4

Element found at index:3 position:4

*/


/*
***********************
PASCAL'S TRIANGLE     *
***********************
*/
#include<iostream.h>

int fact(int n)
{
	int value=1;
	while(n!=0)
	{
		value=value*n;
		n--;
	}
	return value;
}

void main()
{
	int rows,i,j,k;

	cout<<"Enter the number of rows you want in the triangle:";
	cin>>rows;

	for(i=0;i<rows;i++)
	{
		//Moving each row by rows-i spaces to get a triangular shape
		for(k=0;k<(rows-i);k++)
		cout<<" ";
		//Loop for printing each row
		for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
		cout<<" "<<fact(i)/(fact(j)*fact(i-j)); //nCr=n!/(r!*(n-r)!)
		cout<<endl;
	}
}

/*OUTPUT

Enter the number of rows you want in the triangle:5
                  1
	  1 1
	 1 2 1
	1 3 3 1
             1 4 6 4 1

*/

// ***** MATRIX MULTIPLICATION *
#include<iostream.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
	int a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10],i,j,m,n,p,q,ip;

	cout<<"Input row & column of matrix A:";
	cin>>m>>n;
	cout<<"Input row & column of matrix B:";
	cin>>p>>q;
	if(n==p)
		cout<<"Matrices can be multiplied!!"<<endl;
	else
	{
		cout<<"Matrices cannot be multiplied!!"<<endl;
		exit(0);
	}

	cout<<"Input Matrix A..."<<endl;
	for(i=0;i<m;i++)
		for(j=0;j<n;j++)
			cin>>a[i][j];
	cout<<"Input Matrix B..."<<endl;
	for(i=0;i<p;i++)
		for(j=0;j<q;j++)
			cin>>b[i][j];

	for(i=0;i<m;i++)
		for(j=0;j<q;j++)
		{
			c[i][j]=0;
			for(ip=0;ip<n;ip++)
				c[i][j]+=a[i][ip]*b[ip][j];
		}

	cout<<"\nProduct of the matrices is...:"<<endl;
	for(i=0;i<m;i++)
	{
		for(j=0;j<q;j++)
		{
			cout<<c[i][j]<<" ";
		}
		cout<<endl;
	}
}
/*OUTPUT
Input row & column of matrix A:2 3
Input row & column of matrix B:3 2
Matrices can be multiplied!!
Input Matrix A...
1 2 3
4 5 6
Input Matrix B...
1 2
3 4
5 6
Product of the matrices is...:
22 28
49 64   */


// ***** REVERSE A STRING      *
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{
	char str1[30],str2[30];
	int i,len;

	cout<<"Enter the string:";
	gets(str1);
	len=strlen(str1);
	for(i=0;str1[i]!='\0';i++)
	{
		str2[--len]=str1[i];
	}
	str2[i]='\0';
	cout<<"\nReversed String is:";
	for(i=0;str2[i]!='\0';i++)
	{
	cout<<str2[i];
	}
}

/*OUTPUT

Enter the string:welcome to c++

Reversed String is:++c ot emoclew	*/

// ***** CHECK IF A STRING IS A PALINDROME *
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
	char str1[30],str2[30];	int i,len;
	cout<<"Enter the string:";
	gets(str1);
	len=strlen(str1);
	for(i=0;str1[i]!='\0';i++)
		str2[--len]=str1[i];
	str2[i]='\0';
	int flag=1;
	for(i=0;str1[i]!='\0';i++)
	{
		if(str1[i]!=str2[i])
		{
			flag=0;	break;
		}
	}
	if(flag==0)
		cout<<"Sring Entered is Not a Palindrome!!";
	else
		cout<<"String Entered is a Palindrome!!";
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter the string:WELCOME TO C++
Sring Entered is Not a Palindrome!!
Enter the string:MALAYALAM
String Entered is a Palindrome!!		*/

// ***** ORDERING A STRUCTURE  *
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
struct Student
{
	char name[25];
	float marks;
}s[50];
void selSort(int size)
{
	int small,pos;
	Student tmp;
	for(int i=0;i<size;i++)
	{
		small=s[i].marks;
		for(int j=i+1;j<size-i;j++)
		{
			if(s[j].marks>small)
			{
				small=s[j].marks;
				pos=j;
			}
		}
		tmp=s[i];
		s[i]=s[pos];
		s[pos]=tmp;
	}
}
void main()
{
	int n;
	cout<<"Enter the number of students:";
	cin>>n;
	cout<<"Enter details of students:"<<endl;
	for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
	{
		cout<<"Name:";
		gets(s[i].name);
		cout<<"Marks:";
		cin>>s[i].marks;
	}
	selSort(n);
	cout<<"The sorted students on marks is:"<<endl;
	for(i=0;i<n;i++)
	{
		cout<<"Name:"<<s[i].name<<"\t Marks:"<<s[i].marks;
		cout<<endl;
	}
}
/* Enter the number of students:3
Enter details of students:
Name:student1
Marks:78
Name:student2
Marks:80
Name:student3
Marks:70
The sorted students on marks is:
Name:student2    Marks:80
Name:student3    Marks:70
Name:student1    Marks:78	*/

/*
***************************************************
SWAP TWO VALUES USING CALL BY VALUE AND REFERENCE *
***************************************************
*/
#include<iostream.h>
void swap_callbyvalue(int x,int y)
{
	int temp;
	temp=x;
	x=y;
	y=temp;
	cout<<"Value 1:"<<x;
	cout<<"\tValue 2:"<<y;
}

void swap_callbyref(int &x,int &y)
{
	int temp;
	temp=x;
	x=y;
	y=temp;
	cout<<"Value 1:"<<x;
	cout<<"\tValue 2:"<<y;
}

void main()
{
	int a,b;
	cout<<"Enter the two numbers:";
	cin>>a>>b;

	cout<<"CALL BY VALUE...:"<<endl;
	cout<<"In Function Swap:"<<endl;
	swap_callbyvalue(a,b);
	cout<<"\nBack In Main:"<<endl;
	cout<<"Value 1:"<<a;
	cout<<"\tValue 2:"<<b;

	cout<<"\nCALL BY REFERENCE...:"<<endl;
	cout<<"In Function Swap:"<<endl;
	swap_callbyref(a,b);
	cout<<"\nBack In Main:"<<endl;
	cout<<"Value 1:"<<a;
	cout<<"\tValue 2:"<<b;
}
/*OUTPUT
===============================
Enter the two numbers:1 10
CALL BY VALUE...:
In Function Swap:
Value 1:10      Value 2:1
Back In Main:
Value 1:1       Value 2:10
CALL BY REFERENCE...:
In Function Swap:
Value 1:10      Value 2:1
Back In Main:
Value 1:10      Value 2:1
===============================
*/

// ***** TO PASS AN ARRAY TO A FUNCTION USING POINTERS   *
#include<iostream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void printArray(int *p,int n)
{
	cout<<"Elements in the array are:"<<endl;
	for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
	{
		cout<<*p<<" ";
		p++;
	}
}
void main()
{
	int a[50],n;
	cout<<"Enter the number of elements(max 50):";
	cin>>n;
	cout<<"Enter the elements:"<<endl;
	for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
		cin>>a[i];

	int *p=a;
	printArray(p,n);
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter the number of elements(max 50):4
Enter the elements:
1 2 3 4
Elements in the array are:
1 2 3 4	
*/

// ***** TO IMPLEMENT INHERITANCE USING CONSTRUCTORS AND DESTRUCTOTS   *
#include<iostream.h>
class Base1
{
	protected:
		int a;
	public:
		Base1(int x)
		{
			a=x;
			cout<<"Contructing Base1"<<endl;
		}
		~Base1()
		{
			cout<<"Destructing Base1"<<endl;
		}
};
class Base2
{
	protected:
		int b;
	public:
		Base2(int y)
		{
			b=y;   	cout<<"Constructing Base2"<<endl;
		}
		~Base2()
		{
			cout<<"Destructing Base2"<<endl;
		}
};
class Derived:public Base2,public Base1
{
	int c;
public:
	Derived(int i,int j,int k):Base2(i),Base1(j)
	{
		c=k;
		cout<<"Constructing Derived"<<endl;
	}
	~Derived()
	{
		cout<<"Destructing Derived"<<endl;
	}
	void show()
	{
		cout<<"1."<<a<<"\t2."<<b<<"\t3."<<c<<endl;
	}
};
void main()
{
	Derived ob(14,15,16);
	ob.show();
}
/*	OUTPUT
Constructing Base2
Contructing Base1
Constructing Derived
1.15    2.14    3.16
Destructing Derived
Destructing Base1
Destructing Base2	*/

/*
*************************
TO OVERLOAD += OPERATOR *
*************************
*/

#include<iostream.h>

class Distance
{
	int a;
public:
	Distance(){}
	Distance(float x)
	{
		a=x;
	}
	Distance operator+=(Distance);
	void display();
};

Distance Distance::operator+=(Distance y)
{
	Distance res(0);
	res.a=a+y.a;
	return(res);
}

void Distance::display()
{
	cout<<a<<endl;
}

void main()
{
	int m,n;

	cout<<"Enter Distance1:";
	cin>>m;
	cout<<"Enter Distance2:";
	cin>>n;

	Distance d1(m),d2(n);
	Distance d3=d1+=d2;

	cout<<"Distance1=";d1.display();
	cout<<"Distance2=";d2.display();
	cout<<"Sum=";d3.display();
}
/*OUTPUT
Enter Distance1:10
Enter Distance2:20
Distance1=10
Distance2=20
Sum=30  */

/*
********************************
TO IMPLEMENT VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS *
********************************
*/

#include<iostream.h>

class Base
{
	public:
		void display()
		{
			cout<<"Display Base"<<endl;
		}
		virtual void show()
		{
			cout<<"Show Base"<<endl;
		}
};

class Derived:public Base
{
	public:
		void display()
		{
			cout<<"Display Derived"<<endl;
		}
		void show()
		{
			cout<<"Show Base"<<endl;
		}
};

void main()
{
	Base b;
	Derived d;
	Base *bptr;

	cout<<"bptr points to Base"<<endl;
	bptr=&b;
	bptr->display();
	bptr->show();

	cout<<"bptr points to Derived"<<endl;
	bptr=&d;
	bptr->display();
	bptr->show();
}

/*OUTPUT

bptr points to Base
Display Base
Show Base
bptr points to Derived
Display Base
Show Base

*/


/*
*******************************
TO IMPLEMENT FRIEND FUNCTIONS *
*******************************
*/

#include<iostream.h>

class A;

class B
{
	int b;
public:
	B(int i)
	{
		b=i;
	}

	friend void max(A,B);
};

class A
{
	int a;
public:
	A(int i)
	{
		a=i;
	}

	friend void max(A,B);
};

void max(A m,B n)
{
	if(m.a>=n.b)
		cout<<m.a;
	else
		cout<<n.b;
}

void main()
{
	int x,y;

	cout<<"Enter two numbers:";
	cin>>x>>y;

	cout<<"Max of "<<x<<" & "<<y<<" is:";

	A ob1(x);
	B ob2(y);

	max(ob1,ob2);
}

/*OUTPUT

Enter two numbers:2 3
Max of 2 & 3 is:3  */